results
indicate skill learning leads to the development of specialized
neuronal circuits, which allow the execution of fast and accurate
sequential movements without average increases in brain activity. - See
more at: http://elifesciences.org/content/2/e00801#sthash.FKxErGU0.dpuf
When you've practiced a movement mindfully over a long time, you don't have to think so hard to accomplish the motion and your brain is free to think about other things. For example, if you don't have to concentrate hard on where you are going to step, then you can start to pay attention to your breath or the weight in your partner's back foot. You can improve your efficiency, performance, expression of power - all with less effort.
results
indicate skill learning leads to the development of specialized
neuronal circuits, which allow the execution of fast and accurate
sequential movements without average increases in brain activity. - See
more at: http://elifesciences.org/content/2/e00801#sthash.FKxErGU0.dpuf
or, as Tom Stafford writes about World Cup footballers:
"Bergkamp doesn't have to think about his foot when he wants to control a ball, so he's free to think about the wind, or the defender, or when exactly he wants to control the ball."
 |
| Getty Images |
results
indicate skill learning leads to the development of specialized
neuronal circuits, which allow the execution of fast and accurate
sequential movements without average increases in brain activity. - See
more at: http://elifesciences.org/content/2/e00801#sthash.FKxErGU0.dpuf
results
indicate skill learning leads to the development of specialized
neuronal circuits, which allow the execution of fast and accurate
sequential movements without average increases in brain activity. - See
more at: http://elifesciences.org/content/2/e00801#sthash.FKxErGU0.dpuf
-Suzane Van Amburgh
article excerpt by Tom Stafford from BBC Future:
The 2014 World Cup in Brazil has already given us a clutch of classic moments, like Robin Van Persie’s perfect header to open the Dutch onslaught against the Spanish.
We can't help but be dazzled by the skills on display, and at times it seems as if the footballers have access to talents that are not just beyond description, but beyond conscious comprehension. Yet magical moments from World Cup players have a lot more in common with everyday intelligence than you might think.
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| Are you exhibiting the same kind of skills Robin Van Persie shows on the pitch when you're driving your car? (AFP/Getty Images) |
We often talk about astonishing athletic feats as if they are something completely different from everyday thought. When we say a footballer like Lionel Messi acts on instinct, out of habit or due to his training, we distance what they do from that we hear echoing within our own heads.
The idea of "muscle memory" encourages this – allowing us to cordon off feats of motor skill as a special kind of psychological phenomenon, something stored, like magic potion, in our muscles. But the truth, of course, is that so called muscle memories are stored in our brains, just like every other kind of memory. What is more, these examples of great skill are not so different from ordinary thought.
If you speak to world-class athletes, such as World Cup footballers, about what they do, they reveal that a lot of conscious reasoning goes into those moments of sublime skill. Here's England's Wayne Rooney, in 2012, describing what it feels like as a cross comes into the penalty box: "You're asking yourself six questions in a split second. Maybe you've got time to bring it down on the chest and shoot, or you have to head it first-time. If the defender is there, you've obviously got to try and hit it first-time. If he's farther back, you've got space to take a touch. You get the decision made. Then it's obviously about the execution."
All this in half a second! Rooney is obviously thinking more, not less, during these most crucial moments.
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| (Getty Images) |
As they go through their drills, dedicated brain networks develop, allowing the movements to be deployed with less effort and more control. As well as the brain networks involved becoming more refined, the areas of the brain most active in controlling a movement change with increased skill – as we practice, areas deeper within the brain reorganise to take on more of the work, leaving the cortex, including areas associated with planning and reasoning, free to take on new tasks.
But this doesn't mean we think less when we're highly skilled. On the contrary, this process called automatisation means that we think differently. Bergkamp doesn't have to think about his foot when he wants to control a ball, so he's free to think about the wind, or the defender, or when exactly he wants to control the ball.
For highly practiced movements we have to think less about controlling every action but what we do is still ultimately in the service of our overall targets (like scoring a goal in the case of football). In line with this, and contrary to the idea of skills as robotic-reflexes, experiments show that more flexibility develops alongside increased automaticity.
Intelligence involves using conscious deliberation at the right level to optimally control your actions. Driving a car is easier because you don't have to think about the physics of the combustion engine, and it's also easier because you no longer have to think about the movements required to change gear or turn on the indicators. But just because driving a car relies on automatic skills like these, doesn't mean that you're mindless when driving a car. The better drivers, just like the better footballers, are making more choices each time they show off their talents, not fewer.
So footballer's immense skills aren't that different from many everyday things we do like walking, talking or driving a car. We've practiced these things so much we don't have to think about how we're doing them. We may even not pay much attention to what we're doing, or have much of a memory for them (ever reached the end of a journey and realised you don't recall a single thing about the trip?), but that doesn't mean that we aren't or couldn't. In fact, because we have practiced these skills we can deploy them at the same time as other things (walking and chewing gum, talking while tying our shoe laces, etc). This doesn't diminish their mystery, but it does align it with the central mystery of psychology - how we learn to do anything.
Read the whole story on BBC Future:
http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20140619-whats-in-a-footballers-head
ELife research study on skills acquisition and neural activity:
http://elifesciences.org/content/2/e00801
Study revealing positive transfer effects:
The authors also measured potential positive transfer effects of learning from one motor task to another. Four experienced cascade jugglers and 5 novices learned to bounce juggle, practicing regularly for 5 weeks. The experienced jugglers showed positive transfer of learning, maintaining a lead of approximately 6-10 days over the novices, even as both groups automatized the new skill.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16280317
